Ganglion - Wikipedia Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Some of the most important things you can do include: The basal ganglia have a critical job in your brain, and experts are working to understand even more about what they do. As understanding of the basal ganglia grows, healthcare providers will have even more ways to diagnose and treat the conditions that affect them. The outer surface of a nerve is a surrounding layer of fibrous connective tissue called the epineurium. . They are divided into two broad categories, the sensory ganglia and the motor ganglia (which are associated with the autonomic nervous system). The trochlear nerve and the abducens nerve are both responsible for eye movement, but do so by controlling different extraocular muscles. In this article, we shall look at the anatomical course of the nerve, and the motor, sensory and parasympathetic functions of its terminal branches. Neurons in the SNS and PNS share some similarities and key differences. They consist of a paired chain of ganglia found ventral and lateral to the spinal cord. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. It is found within the fundus of the internal auditory meatus and contains primary bipolar sensory neurons of the vestibular pathway. Nerve ganglia: want to learn more about it? dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia) of
The vestibular nerve is primarily responsible for maintaining body balance and eye movements, while the cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing. They have connective tissues invested in their structure, as well as blood vessels supplying the tissues with nourishment. We shall now look at the structure and function of the ganglia in more detail. glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) contains two ganglia. The basal ganglia, or basal nuclei, are a group of subcortical structures found deep within the white matter of the brain. What is glaucoma? There are also different kinds of connections that happen throughout the basal ganglia. The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of the lower throat and tongue. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. The trigeminal ganglion is the largest of the cranial nerve ganglia. The sympathetic chain ganglia constitute a row of ganglia along the vertebral column that receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. In the case that the virus is reactivated, shingles occur. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. The basal ganglia manage the signals your brain sends that help you move your muscles. [8] Sensory ganglia exist for nerves with sensory function: V, VII, VIII, IX, X. While best known for their role in controlling your bodys ability to move, experts now know they also play a role in several other functions, such as learning, emotional processing and more. In the head and neck there are four
Figure 4: Somatic sensory pathway of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V). 2023 For example, if your stomach hurts, the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are sending a message through the sensory ganglia to your central nervous system that something is not right. Note: In some individuals, the middle cervical ganglion is often absent and the inferior cervical ganglion is often fused with the first thoracic ganglion, as a result is known as the cervicothoracic ganglion. Ready to learn the autonomic nervous system in more depth - and be able to test your understanding? The ANS controls involuntary movements and functions, like your breathing. The first, second, and eighth nerves are purely sensory: the olfactory (CNI), optic (CNII), and vestibulocochlear (CNVIII) nerves. Cranial Nerves - The Definitive Guide | Biology Dictionary Ganglion - Physiopedia This is not an exhaustive list of what these combination nerves do, but there is a thread of relation between them. The basal ganglia are a key part of the network of brain cells and nerves that control your body's voluntary movements. Collection of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The definition of nuclei and ganglia are as follows: Making up the nuclei and ganglia are the following: Neurons are the cells that send and relay signals through your nervous system, using both electrical and chemical signals. The roots of cranial nerves are within the cranium, whereas the ganglia are outside the skull. [Updated 2020 Jul 31]. larynx, pharynx, and soft palate. Inside the inferior (or the nodose) ganglion there are cell bodies of neurons that transmit general sensory information from the mucosa of the
If the basal ganglia approve a signal, it continues to the motor pathways, the nerves that eventually carry the signal down your spinal cord and nerves to their destination muscle. The roots of cranial nerves are within the skull, whereas the ganglia are outside the skull. Unlike tracts, nerves are composed of more than just nervous tissue. The teres minor muscle and the radial nerve both contain pseudoganglions. The neurons of these autonomic ganglia are multipolar in shape, with dendrites radiating out around the cell body where synapses from the spinal cord neurons are made. paravertebral ganglia, are the autonomic ganglia of the SNS. The vestibulocochlear nerve consists of the vestibular and cochlear nerves, also known as cranial nerve eight (CN VIII). For example, the heart receives two inputs such as these; one increases heart rate, and the other decreases it. Mitchell: Grays Anatomy for Students, 2nd edition, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier (2015), K. L. Moore, A. F. Dalley, A. M. R. Agur: Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2013). Motor ganglia contain irregularly shaped cell bodies. aortic branches to innervate all organs found in the abdominal and pelvic cavities (with the exception of the adrenal gland). Those ganglia are related to the following nerves: 1. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Gray . San Antonio College, ided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), 12.4: Brain- Diencephalon, Brainstem, Cerebellum and Limbic System, Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen, ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative, virtual slide of a nerve in longitudinal section, article about a man who wakes with a headache and a loss of vision, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Extraocular muscles (other 4), levator palpebrae superioris, ciliary ganglion (autonomic), Trigeminal nuclei in the midbrain, pons, and medulla, Facial nucleus, solitary nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, Facial muscles, Geniculate ganglion, Pterygopalatine ganglion (autonomic), Cochlear nucleus, Vestibular nucleus/cerebellum, Spiral ganglion (hearing), Vestibular ganglion (balance), Solitary nucleus, inferior salivatory nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, Pharyngeal muscles, Geniculate ganglion, Otic ganglion (autonomic), Terminal ganglia serving thoracic and upper abdominal organs (heart and small intestines), Distinguish between somatic and autonomic structures, including the special peripheral structures of the enteric nervous system, Name the twelve cranial nerves and explain the functions associated with each. A
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. The spiral ganglion is the sensory ganglion of the cochlear branch of the
The postganglionic fibers go on to innervate the lacrimal gland and glands in the nasal mucosa. Sympathetic chain ganglia receive their input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord and are involved in the relay of information relating to
Conditions or injuries that may affect the basal ganglia include: The following conditions are known to affect the basal ganglia in the brain and voluntary movement: Unsurprisingly, conditions or injuries involving the basal ganglia are extremely serious and often lead to permanent disability or death. Finally, individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the endoneurium (Figure 13.2.3). Its main function is transmitting sensory information to the. What Are Voluntary Muscles (Skeletal Muscles)? Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Sensory ganglia, or dorsal root ganglia, send sensory information to the central nervous system. Generation of self-organized autonomic ganglion organoids from Internal organs: These include prevertebral ganglia and terminal ganglia. The geniculate ganglion is the sensory ganglion of the
Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The twelve cranial nerves can be strictly sensory in function, strictly motor in function, or a combination of the two functions. The ganglia can be broadly categorized into two groups, that is, sensory ganglia (relating to the somatic nervous system (SNS)), and autonomic ganglia (relating to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)). Available from: Dulak D, Naqvi IA. Causes of Resting Tremors in Parkinson's Disease, Bilateral traumatic basal ganglia hemorrhage associated with epidural hematoma: Case report and literature review. Some connections trigger the release of other neurotransmitter chemicals, which your body uses for communication and activating or deactivating certain processes and systems. A., Muniak, M. A., & Ryugo, D. K. (2011). By Steph Coelho Schmahmann JD. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. inferior salivatory nucleus of the brainstem synapse in the otic ganglion. At the superior end of the chain ganglia are three paravertebral ganglia in the cervical region. Last reviewed: November 24, 2022 Nicholas R. Metrus, MD, is a board-certified neurologist and neuro-oncologist. Some of the most common tests include, but arent limited to: The treatments for conditions that affect your basal ganglia can vary depending on the condition in question. Appearance is the key term, as pseudoganglions contain only nerve fibers and no cell bodies. Sensory ganglia contain unipolar sensory neurons and are associated with many of the cranial nerves. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. It contains cell bodies of sensory fibers that transmit the sensation of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Pterygopalatine Ganglion: Anatomy, Function, and Conditions petrous part of the
Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the dorsal nerve root (Figure 13.2.1). Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia. They form a part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems . Well look at each segment in turn. A specialist recognizes the problem as meningitis, but the question is what caused it originally. In addition to playing a role in motor control, this part of the brain is also involved in other complex processes like cognition and emotion. Nerves to cranial nerves II, III IV, VI and IX. Hence known as sensory ganglia. The cranial nerve nuclei The cranial nerve nuclei are made up of the neurons in the brainstem that receive primary sensory inputs or that give rise to motor outputs. That includes feeling good (reward) about something you do, or feeling the need to avoid something. Three of the cranial nerves also contain autonomic fibers, and a fourth is almost purely a component of the autonomic system. In summary, autonomic ganglia can be divided into three groups: We will explore each one of these groups in the following section. Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear) - StatPearls - NCBI Cranial Nerve Ganglia A ganglion (ganglia for plural) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. A dense connective tissue capsule covers the ganglion, with a single layer of flat shaped satellite cells surrounding each neuronal cell body. 2014;2(3):130-132. Chapter 1: Neuroanatomical Foundations of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology. Conditions that affect the peripheral nervous system may impact ganglia. Lets take a look at the different types. For example, the trigeminal ganglion is superficial to the temporal bone whereas its associated nerve is attached to the mid-pons region of the brain stem. Anosmia results in a loss of the enjoyment of food. Blood tests (these can detect many problems, ranging from immune system problems to toxins and poisons, especially metals like copper, mercury or lead). Q. A spinal ganglion (dorsal root ganglion) is a cluster of nerve bodies positioned along the, Cranial Nerve Ganglion (not all CN have) is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve, instead of a spinal nerve (associated with the spinal cord). 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Some of these connections are excitatory, meaning they cause something to happen. A type of sensory ganglion is a cranial nerve ganglion. The cell bodies of somatic sensory and visceral sensory neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves, and on the ganglia of selected cranial nerves. All cranial nerves originate from nuclei in the brain. The oculomotor nerve (CN III) is responsible for eye movements, lifting the upper eyelid and size of the pupil. There are only five tastes sensed by the tongue, and two of them are generally thought of as unpleasant tastes (sour and bitter). It also depends on which ganglia have been damaged. Reviewer: The neurons from the
With what structures in a skeletal muscle are the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium comparable? The ganglion is found on the anterior surface of the
866.588.2264 Johns Hopkins Medicine. 12.5: Cranial Nerves - Medicine LibreTexts The dendrites (peripheral extensions) of these neurons receive the stimuli from the receptors in the organ of Corti, whereas their axons (central extensions) form the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve. They are the trigeminal (CNV), facial (CNVII), glossopharyngeal (CNIX), and vagus (CNX) nerves. This information includes touch, smell, taste, sound, and visual stimuli. 5: The Cranial Nerves. Nerves are composed of more than just nervous tissue. Figure 1: Schematic summarizing the origin and general distribution of the cranial nerves. Being in the brain, they are part of the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system, as other ganglia are. The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. Which cranial nerve does not control organs in the head and neck? Because the basal ganglia involve processes like emotions, motivation and habits, they also affect how you learn and how you feel in response to things happening around you. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Some parts of the basal ganglia can also relay signals from different areas. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face and controlling the muscles of mastication. Similarly, an injury to the dorsal root ganglia in the spine, such as spinal vertebrae compression, can cause sensory issues, like tingling in the feet. Neuroanatomy, Geniculate Ganglion. [Updated 2020 Oct 6]. From what structure do satellite cells derive during embryologic development? The rest of the central nervous system runs under the gut. Steph Coelho is a freelance health writer, web producer, and editor based in Montreal. Sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as
People with severe head trauma that impacts the basal ganglia may not recover. The vagus nerve (CN X) is responsible for contributing to homeostatic control of the organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities. cranial nuclei of the brainstem, and in the lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord. Instead, they include several structures, ganglia and nuclei alike, found at the center of your brain. Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia. 18 Knockout studies of Phox2b have also demonstrated its crucial function in autonomic neuronal development. The Peripheral Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology They occur in the dorsal roots of spinal nerves, in the sensory roots of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves as well as in autonomic nerves and in the enteric nervous system. The ganglia form connections and circuits with different parts of your brain, allowing them to send signals back and forth. Finally, individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the endoneurium (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) and Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). After they are cut the proximal severed end of the axon sprouts and one of the sprouts will find the endoneurium which is, essentially, an empty tube leading to (or near) the original target. A nerve ganglion is a group of nerves with similar or related functions that serves as a relay station or connection point for different nervous system structures. Bundles of axons in the PNS are referred to as nerves. They have also sympathetic functions but they are not part of the sympathetic chain, rather are close to the splachnic nerves that follow the main
The vagus nerve is involved in visceral responses to taste, namely the gag reflex. There are two types of ganglia in our bodiessensory and motor. 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System - OpenStax The oculomotor fibers initiate pupillary constriction, whereas the facial and glossopharyngeal fibers both initiate salivation. Some deal with motor function (movement), some deal with sensory information (touch, taste, smell, vision, hearing, temperature), and some deal with both. The PNS is composed of the groups of neurons (ganglia) and bundles of axons (nerves) that are outside of the brain and spinal cord. histologically similar, with the former containing multipolar neurons, and the latter usually containing unipolar or pseudo unipolar neurons. Autonomic ganglia, which contain the cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system. 12: Central and Peripheral Nervous System, { "12.01:_Introduction_to_the_Central_and_Peripheral_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.02:_Support_and_Protection_of_the_Brain" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.03:_Brain-_Cerebrum" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.04:_Brain-_Diencephalon_Brainstem_Cerebellum_and_Limbic_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.05:_Cranial_Nerves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.06:_Spinal_Cord_and_Spinal_Nerves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_An_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Cellular_Level_of_Organization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Tissue_Level_of_Organization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Integumentary_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Bone_Tissue_and_Skeletal_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Axial_Skeleton" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Appendicular_Skeleton" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Joints" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Muscular_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Nervous_System_and_Nervous_Tissue" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Central_and_Peripheral_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Somatic_Senses_Integration_and_Motor_Responses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Autonomic_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Endocrine_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Cardiovascular_System_-_Heart" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood_Vessels_and_Circulation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Respiratory_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Digestive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Urinary_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Reproductive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "vagus nerve", "optic nerve", "abducens nerve", "cranial nerve", "cranial nerve ganglion", "endoneurium", "epineurium", "facial nerve", "fascicle", "glossopharyngeal nerve", "hypoglossal nerve", "oculomotor nerve", "perineurium", "trigeminal ganglion", "trigeminal nerve", "trochlear nerve", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no", "source[1]-med-711", "source[2]-med-711", "program:oeri", "vestibulocochlear nerve", "accessory nerve", "authorname:humananatomyoeri" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FHuman_Anatomy_(OERI)%2F12%253A_Central_and_Peripheral_Nervous_System%2F12.05%253A_Cranial_Nerves, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Reedley College, Butte College, Pasadena City College, & Mt.