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", "The names of eighty-five victims [exist], only fifty of them SA men. The Nazis used the SA and the newly expanded SS to harass and imprison any potential opponents of the Nazi Party. How did the Night of the Long Knives help to create a dictatorship out of a democracy? It also provided a legal grounding for the Nazis, as the German courts and cabinet quickly swept aside centuries of legal prohibition against extrajudicial killings to demonstrate their loyalty to the regime. Further, he recognized that the Sturmabteilung was becoming increasingly useless as their main job to intimidate was becoming unnecessary as more people heeled to Hitler's . The army almost unanimously applauded the Night of the Long Knives, even though the generals Kurt von Schleicher and Ferdinand von Bredow were among the victims. You gave these parties 14 years to ruin Germany! The Night of Long Knives was the purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents from the 30 June 1934 to the 2 July 1934. It was a purge of the head of the Nazi paramilitary organization, the SA, by Hitler and a certain faction within the Nazi party. Night Of The Long Knives Cartoon 3 of 3. It was during this speech that Hitler gave the purge its name: Night of the Long Knives (a phrase from a popular Nazi song). 2. This act was reinforced by the German Civil Service code of 26 January 1937, which retired any judges or judicial official who would not intervene in cases and rule in favour of the Nazis. As a result, a political struggle within the party grew, with those closest to Hitler, including Prussian premier Hermann Gring, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, and Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess, positioning themselves against Rhm. They used any space they could get their hands on to create temporary camps. [13], If the regular army showed contempt for the masses belonging to the SA, many stormtroopers returned the feeling, seeing the army as insufficiently committed to the National Socialist revolution. Gestapo officers attached to the SS unit shot Papen's secretary Herbert von Bose without bothering to arrest him first. Now that the NSDAP had seized the reins of power in Germany, he said, it was time to consolidate its control. It's been called "the night of the long knives in the tropics.". PDF 1. Why did Hitler turn on the SA in the Night of the Long Knives? Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. It established Hitler as "the supreme leader of the German people", as he put it in his 13 July speech to the Reichstag. Have a Free Meeting with one of our hand picked tutors from the UK's top universities. EVERYTHING EVERYTHING - NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES LYRICS - SongLyrics.com [33] On 28 June Hitler went to Essen to attend the wedding celebration and reception of Josef Terboven; from there he called Rhm's adjutant at Bad Wiessee and ordered SA leaders to meet with him on 30 June at 11:00. This meant, as well as removing other personal freedoms, that the Nazis could now imprison their political opposition for an indefinite period for any, or no, reason. The Sturmabteilung: Hitler's Unofficial Army Of Thugs - All That's Mr Maracin has filtered out much of the historical minutia belabored by other historians of Nazi Germany during this period and given us a quick 209 page read for those with a mild passing interest on how this to barbarism came to be. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments. When the Nazi regime did not take such steps, those who had expected an economic as well as a political revolution were disillusioned. [7] Complaints of "overbearing and loutish" behaviour by stormtroopers became common by the middle of 1933. However, following Hitler being elected chancellor, the SA, and particularly Rhm, were keen to continue the revolution and replace the traditional conservative elite with Nazis. During the years of the rise of the Nazi Party, the SA had been instrumental in helping the party to gain support. And let it be known for all time to come that if anyone raises his hand to strike the State, then certain death is his lot. Lippert was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison.[50]. As the leader of the SA, Rhm was seen as a threat to Hitlers power. Moonlight glistened on numerous silvery revolvers, contrasting with the sinister black uniforms. They understood the need to appear moderate and take over slowly by democratic means where possible, maintaining the stability and illusion of a democracy. Nazis Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler wait for the code word from Hitler to begin what will become known as the "Night of the Long Knives". [34], At about 04:30 on 30 June 1934, Hitler and his entourage flew to Munich. [82] However, the term was soon adopted by the Nazis themselves to invoke what they saw as justifiable and necessary measures taken by Germanic peoples against an enemy. Civil Service Captain Ernst Rhm of the Reichswehr served as the liaison with the Bavarian Freikorps. This fear was Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. Excellency, save Germany for the fourth time! The Nazis used violence to increase their vote share. This betrayal is seen by the image of SA members looking fearful in surrender, and SA leaders dead on the floor, killed by Hitler, who holds a smoking gun. In 1933, up to 200,000 people were seized and imprisoned by the SA and the SS. ", "After the 'Night of the Long Knives,' [Reich Minister for Justice Franz Grtner] nipped in the bud the attempts of some local state prosecutors to initiate proceedings against the killers. Night of the Long Knives: Summary & Victims | StudySmarter Definition of Long Knives in the Idioms Dictionary. Open navigation menu They were often given a free rein on their activities and were violent and difficult to control. [47], Rhm was held briefly at Stadelheim Prison[j] in Munich, while Hitler considered his future. Blomberg and many of his fellow officers were recruited from the Prussian nobility and regarded the SA as a plebeian rabble that threatened the army's traditional high status in German society. On 25 June, General Werner von Fritsch placed the Reichswehr on the highest level of alert. . Whilst the pseudo-legal measures were one factor that helped the Nazis to consolidate power, another was terror and intimidation. David Low - Spartacus Educational In this image the narrative present is about the incident now known as the Night of the Long Knives (June 29th/30th 1934), when . With these measures in place, the Nazification of the judicial system was complete. On 17 March 1935, 700 pastors of the Confessing Church, which opposed the Nazis, were arrested. The Night of Long Knives was the purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents from the 30 June 1934 to the 2 July 1934. Gleichschaltung was the process of the Nazi Party taking control over all aspects of Germany. The Nazis started with the [1] More than a thousand perceived opponents were arrested. By the end of 1934, the Nazis had managed to infiltrate and take control of every major aspect of German government. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The Centre Partys vote was crucial. June 30, 1934 - July 12, 1934 News articles about the arrest and murder of leadership within the SA, as well as political opponents of the Nazis ("Night of the Long Knives"). Although President Hindenburg and the Reichstag continued to exist, Hitler could now govern by decree. , who had previously been a separate organisation, now swore a personal allegiance to Hitler. Night of the Long Knives - Wikipedia Dimensions: 2432 x 2229 px. The leaders of the SA were ordered to attend a meeting at a hotel in Bad Wiesse, Bavaria. 7 Night of the Long Knives - 30 June 1934 . July 14-20, 1934 News articles, editorials, opinion pieces, letters-to-the-editor, and . With James Darren, Robert Colbert, Malachi Throne, David Watson. [8], On 6 July 1933, at a gathering of high-ranking Nazi officials, Hitler declared the success of the National Socialist, or Nazi, seizure of power. One-to-one online tuition can be a great way to brush up on your History knowledge. Some estimates, however, put the total number killed at between 150 and 200. Over 150 people were murdered and hundreds more were arrested. Mussolini used the affair occasioned by the murder of Giacomo Matteotti as an example of the kind of trouble unruly followers could cause a dictator. The Night of the Long Knives - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The process primarily took place between 1933-1934. [69] Finally, Hammerstein and Mackensen asked that Hindenburg reorganize the government by firing Baron Konstantin von Neurath, Robert Ley, Hermann Gring, Werner von Blomberg, Joseph Goebbels and Richard Walther Darr from the Cabinet. By 1934 most of the socialists had left the party but some important figures in the hierarchy like Ernst Rhm and . Once inside Rhm's cell, they handed him a Browning pistol loaded with a single cartridge and told him he had ten minutes to kill himself or they would do it for him. "[55] Reich Justice Minister Franz Grtner, a conservative who had been Bavarian Justice Minister in the years of the Weimar Republic, demonstrated his loyalty to the new regime by drafting the statute, which added a legal veneer to the purge. By May, lists of those to be "liquidated" started to circulate amongst Gring and Himmler's people, who engaged in a trade, adding enemies of one in exchange for sparing friends of the other. [i] Rhm, as one of the earliest members of the Nazi Party, had participated in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt by Hitler to seize power by force in 1923. wikipedia notes: The Night of the Long Knives (German: Nacht der langen Messer) or "Operation Hummingbird," was a purge of Adolf Hitler's potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA). Although Hitler ordered him released days later, Papen no longer dared to criticize the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.[43]. to control. As chancellor, Hitler did not command the army, which remained under the formal leadership of Hindenburg, a highly respected veteran field marshal. However, there were also other events which helped Hitler in achieving the position of a dictator. [63], Former Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was in exile in Doorn, Netherlands, was horrified by the purge. Following the Enabling Law, much of this harassment and imprisonment was legal. Night of the Long Knives (Classroom Activity) - Spartacus Educational Adolf Hitler . The Night of the Long Knives - slideshare.net . 3. Night of the long knives that never was or how the media were played Rhm's contempt for the party's bureaucracy angered Hess. "A chancellor", he wrote, "sentences and shoots members of his own private army! Historians have often wondered why Hitler turned on the SA. The Night of the Long Knives was a turning . Night of the Long Knives - Consolidation of power - BBC Bitesize Rhm left the Reichswehr in 1923 and later became commander of the SA. [3] It established Hitler as the supreme administrator of justice of the German people, as he put it in his 13 July speech to the Reichstag. This continued when a young Dutchcommunist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime. British cartoon by David Low, 1934. Hitler shouted at Schneidhuber and accused him of treachery. On 1 July, at Hitler's behest, Theodor Eicke, Commandant of the Dachau concentration camp, and his SS adjutant Michael Lippert visited Rhm. concentration camp Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. What were Hitler's and the Nazi Party's ideas? retrospectively By mid-1934, Hitler seemed to be master of all Germany. Whilst the purge focused on the SA, the Nazis also used the event to eliminate other political opponents, such as the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher. In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people. [2] The purge strengthened and consolidated the support of the military for Hitler. [12] Although nicknamed the "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army for his devotion to Hitler, Blomberg was not a Nazi, and therefore represented a bridge between the army and the party. Night of the Long Knives - HistoryNet The Night of the Long Knives not only removed the SA leaders but also got Hitler the army's oath that he so needed. The Night of the Long Knives: Hitler's Rise to Power - Part 2 | History DocumentaryWatch 'The Night of Long Knives - Part 1' here: https://youtu.be/7CeX6jBau. [44] The murdered included at least one accidental victim: Willi Schmid, the music critic of the Mnchner Neuste Nachrichten newspaper, whose name was confused with one of the Gestapo's intended targets. [64] One retired captain, Erwin Planck, seemed to realize this: "If you look on without lifting a finger", he said to his friend, General Werner von Fritsch, "you will meet the same fate sooner or later. Night of the Long Knives (TV Movie 2005) - IMDb I have the earlier 2005 History Channel video of Night of the Long Knives - before it was Heavily Censored to remove all references to the fact that the Nazis were founded and led by Boy Raping Diseased Homo-Anal Coprophile Ephebophiles, including Founder Ernst Rohm and his male prostitute protege Hitler. Moreover, it was not just the Reichswehr that viewed the SA as a threat. IN THE CHILLY DAWN OF JUNE 30, 1934, TWO BLACK MERCEDES-BENZ automobiles wound their way around the misty western edge of Tegernsee Lake in the . Adolf Hitler was in a furious temper when his flight touched down in Munich at 4.30am on 30 June 1934. Hitler ordered the murders of conspicuous Conservative anti-Nazis such as Kurt Von Schleicher and Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Left wing Nazis such as Gregor Strasser and many members of the SA including its leader Ernst Rohm. Rhm, however, wanted to eliminate the generalship of the Prussian aristocracy altogether, using the SA to become the core of a new German military. [21] By the beginning of June everything was set and all that was needed was permission from Hitler. You give Hitler power and time by voting HITLER!. [72] In a speech given on 3 January 1935, at the Berlin State Opera, Hitler stated that Schleicher and Bredow had been shot "in error" on the basis of false information, and that their names were to be restored to the honour rolls of their regiments at once. night of the long knives phrase. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Rhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi's paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". [21] At the end of May, Brning and Schleicher, two former chancellors, received warnings from friends in the Reichswehr that their lives were in danger and they should leave Germany at once. The camps were brutal and had extremely unsanitary conditions. 89.93% voted in favour of Hitler. The Night of the Long Knives was a major purge of the SA and Nazi Party. Its membership plummeted from 2.9 million in August 1934 to 1.2 million in April 1938. The SA were the thugs who Hitler had used to help him come to power. Night of the Long Knives, in German history, purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. The German Army generals, by condoning the unprecedented events of the Night of the Long Knives, effectively cast their lot with Hitler and began the long journey with him that would eventually lead them to the brink of world conquest and later to the hanging docks at Nuremberg after the war. Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. She even compared him to Frederick the Great, the 18th-century king of Prussia.[2]. [48] Eicke and Lippert then shot Rhm, killing him. [69], Hindenburg never responded to the memo, and it remains unclear whether he even saw it, as Otto Meiner, who decided that his future was aligned with the Nazis, may not have passed it along. The SA evolved out of the remnants of the Freikorps movement of the post-World War I years. Over the next two days, most of the SA leadership were placed under arrest and murdered without trial. [5] In June 1932, one of the worst months of political violence, there were more than 400 street battles, resulting in 82 deaths. [63] During a meeting with Polish Ambassador Jzef Lipski on 22 May 1935, Hitler told Lipski that Schleicher was "rightfully murdered, if only because he had sought to maintain the Rapallo Treaty. Dachau . Hitler and Himmler unleashed the Gestapo against old enemies, as well. [69] Mackensen and Hammerstein ended their memo with: Excellency, the gravity of the moment has compelled us to appeal to you as our Supreme Commander. Night of the Long Knives | Date, Victims, Summary, & Facts It was the culmination of a chaotic week in Westminster, which saw furious calls for an overhaul . [37] Meanwhile, the SS arrested the other SA leaders as they left their train for the planned meeting with Rhm and Hitler. The SS was moving into position for the first of its many deadly tasks. On 30 June, Himmler's SS and Goering's special police arrested and executed the leaders of the SA and other Given that the purge claimed the lives of so many prominent Germans, it could hardly be kept secret. Leading members of the leftist-leaning Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, including its leader Gregor Strasser, were also killed, as were establishment conservatives and anti-Nazis, such as former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and Bavarian politician Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who had helped suppress Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. History Unfolded: US Newspapers and the Holocaust The Night of the Long Knives was a turning point in the history of Hitler's Germany. [38], Although Hitler presented no evidence of a plot by Rhm to overthrow the regime, he nevertheless denounced the leadership of the SA. A combat veteran of World War I, Rhm had recently boasted that he would execute 12 men in retaliation for the killing of any stormtrooper. Add to Favorites. This included Vice-Chancellor Papen and those in his immediate circle. Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign. An Anglo-Saxon Anecdote: The Real Night of the Long Knives info)) or "Operation Hummingbird" (Kolibri) was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany.It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people for political reasons. ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an Hitler ordered him, as one prominent historian described it, to put an end to "homosexuality, debauchery, drunkenness, and high living" in the SA. and [28] Hitler had hesitated for months in moving against Rhm, in part due to Rhm's visibility as the leader of a national militia with millions of members. Both Himmler and Gring welcomed Hitler's decision, since both had much to gain by Rhm's downfall the independence of the SS for Himmler and the removal of a rival for the future command of the army for Gring. Night of the Long Knives - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "They give . 54 Richard J. Evans At the same time, the apparatus of the police state began to look a good deal less coercive than it had done in the 1950s. The Night of the Long Knives. Night of the Long Knives 1. [35] Schneidhuber was executed later that day. [73] Hitler's speech was not reported in the German press, but the army was appeased by the speech. This was called the "Night of the Long Knives." This cartoon is joking about how these fanatical Nazis who were once Hitler's shock troops now found themselves the target of Hitler. persecution In his speech to the Reichstag on 13 July justifying his actions, Hitler denounced Schleicher for conspiring with Rhm to overthrow the government; Hitler alleged both were traitors working in the pay of France. [45][41] As Himmler's adjutant Karl Wolff later explained, friendship and personal loyalty were not allowed to stand in the way: Among others, a charming fellow [named] Karl von Spreti, Rhm's personal adjutant. Censorship was heightened, and any person publishing actively anti-Nazi material was threatened or imprisoned. Hitler wanted to consolidate his power and settle old scores. This act legalised removing anyone of non-Ayran descent from the civil service. [51] Meanwhile, Goebbels tried to prevent newspapers from publishing lists of the dead, but at the same time used a 2 July radio address to describe how Hitler had narrowly prevented Rhm and Schleicher from overthrowing the government and throwing the country into turmoil. A firefighter in the burnt out ruins of the Reichstag building. The Nazis also took several more steps to reduce their political opposition legally. This photograph shows the SA as they marched victoriously through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin the same day. He took seriously the socialist promise of National Socialism and demanded that Hitler and the other party leaders initiate wide-ranging socialist reform in Germany. Enraged, Hitler tore the epaulets off the shirt of Obergruppenfhrer August Schneidhuber, the chief of the Munich police, for failing to keep order in the city the previous night. [29] On 29 June, a signed article in Vlkischer Beobachter by Blomberg appeared in which Blomberg stated with great fervour that the Reichswehr stood behind Hitler. [42] The Gestapo also murdered Erich Klausener, the leader of Catholic Action, and a close Papen associate. The Night of Long Knives - Hitler's Rise to Power | Part 2 | Free Hitler told the gathered officials, "The stream of revolution has been undammed, but it must be channelled into the secure bed of evolution. [25] Neurath's manoeuvre to put pressure on Hitler paid off, with Mussolini agreeing to the request (Neurath was a former ambassador to Italy, and knew Mussolini well). On 22 March 1933, the first Nazi concentration camp was established in the town of Dachau. Why did Hitler turn on the SA in the Night of the Long Knives? [66], Rumours about the Night of the Long Knives rapidly spread. The Bill passed by 444 votes for to 94 against on the 24 March 1933. The Nazis consolidation of power can be grouped into three main themes: pseudo-legality, terror and intimidation and pseudo-moderation. Following Hitlers appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power. Night of the Long Knives: Jonathan Petropoulos The bottom half of the poster reads The more power you give Hitler, the easier he will win and the more independent you make him from the parties that led the people to where they are today. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2020-03-19 01:01:54 Boxid IA1794905 Camera USB PTP Class Camera Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1150935398 The Gestapo arrested and later executed Papen's close associate Edgar Jung, the author of Papen's Marburg speech, and disposed of his body by dumping it in a ditch. PDF Coercion and Consent in Nazi Germany - British Academy From the airport they drove to the Bavarian Interior Ministry, where they assembled the leaders of an SA rampage that had taken place in city streets the night before. British cartoon by David Low, 1934 - SlideServe The Night of the Long Knives In June 1934, Hitler ordered the SA to go on leave for the entire month. As such the Nazis justified this measure as implementing necessary security measures, rather than revealing their true motive to remove opposition. It shows the Nazis using violenc. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions . On 17 June 1934, conservative demands for Hitler to act came to a head when Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, confidant of the ailing Hindenburg, gave a speech at Marburg University warning of the threat of a "second revolution. by Gring and Himmler, who gave Hitler news of Rhm organising a potential The Night of the Long Knives, which was originally published in Amazing Science Fiction Stories in 1960, feels surprisingly current the character names are the most dated-feeling aspect of the story.