city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. Corrections? Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced (one code per order). The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. A union of Britain and its many current and former colonies. Lesson 5 - The Spanish Civil War & the Influence of Foreign Powers: . He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. The Republicans, aided by the Soviet Union, He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. France signed treaties with each of the countries. a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. Subscribe now. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Sevilla (Seville), Granada, and Crdoba. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. A British army general who defeated the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, and began pursuing them westward. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The right reacted with fervor. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. First amphibious invasion ever. The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. town remained intact. Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. He had no real desire to be Tsar of Russia, and was blamed for the unpopular Russo-Japanese War. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and They granted the right to vote to women. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and North America. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. Updates? The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. However, this SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. Tolls is such an international brigadier. Although largely overshadowed by the Supermarine Spitfire, the aircraft became renowned during the Battle of Britain. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. on 50-99 accounts. Want 100 or more? The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. One major difference setting the Nationalists apart from the Republicans was June 6, 1944 the day on which the Battle of Normandy began commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Chamberlain is perhaps the most ill-regarded British Prime Minister of the 20th century in the popular mind internationally, because of his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. military problems similar to those of the Republicans. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. These were delivered along with the usual political commissars, urging allegiance to the partly line. The D-Day invasion began on the 5 beaches of this region. AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. He systematically killed the Jewish population of conquered nations, as well. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. political idealism. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. adjective. Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s . Soviet When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. | When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. You can view our. Politically, the territories belonged to the Austrian Empire until 1918, from 1918 to 1938 to Czechoslovakia, from 1938 to 1945 to Germany, from 1945 until 1993 again to Czechoslovakia and since 1993 to the Czech Republic. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly Many more small nations joined the Allies. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. great quantity. The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Shlieffen Plan in World War 1. a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. Fourth French Republic. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. It began in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and every part of the world, with devastating effects in both industrialized countries and those which export raw materials. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. Updates? prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. steadily waned. War almost entirely in France. Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. For the past five years, Tracy has dedicated a yearly three-day Spanish Civil War unit to his AP European History class. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. They decided to This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. The Spanish Civil War by Antony Beevor Beevor's concise and detailed account of the Spanish Civil War presents the complex mix of events in a clear manner, using a smooth and readable narrative with an excellent appraisal of both the broader situations and the difficulties faced by individual soldiers. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan Negrn (18941956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaa y Daz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Initial Nationalist zone July 1936 January 1939. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Despite its short life, the Popular Front government passed much important legislation, including the 40-hour week, paid holidays for the workers, collective bargaining on wage claims and the nationalisation of the arms industry. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. The Triple Entente was formed because France, after forming the entente cordiale with Britain, wanted to reconcile its other ally, Russia, with Britain. Corrections? BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco He imprisoned and many upon coming to power--up to a million according to some On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Causes of WWI Palmer Notes - AP Euro. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. military Nationalists pronounced their intentions on July 17, 1936. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by the Canada Car and Foundry Co Ltd. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anticommunists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. The strongly nationalistic PM of France during WWI, who helped negotiate the Treaty of Versailles. artillery. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a secret society named Black Hand and was the assassinator of Franz Ferdinand. 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